The Development of Arabic Scripts

1. Pre †Islamic Era Arabic content is presumably one of the most seasoned on the planet, having been broadly spread across societies as this was the language used to spread Islam in significant domains. Its impact can be seen in different dialects which embraced Arabic content to build up their own particular manner of recording, similar to Persian, Pashto, Urdu and then some. Be that as it may, Arab contents have developed with major authentic occasions of these countries (AncientScripts. com). Different records of the historical backdrop of Arabia, the ‘island of the Arabs’, give the feeling that Arabic contents began to take structure at the stature of Islamization or during the hour of Prophet Mohammed.It is said to have started from the fourth century, CE yet there is proof †an antiquated archive †that shows Arabic content was at that point a mode for recording even as ahead of schedule as 512 CE. Some time before the Prophet Mohammed was conceived (a few writers state even 700 years before Mohammed), the Arabs previously had set up a type of composed language which initially was utilized by the Nabateans who once possessed a region which is presently the realm of Jordan. This was known as the Nabatean content, which advanced from the Aramaic language.The Nabataean content was an off †shoot of the Aramaic letter set which created in the main century CE on the Sinai Peninsula and in North Arabia. It contrasts obviously from other Aramaic assortments by utilizing ligatures. Stone engravings in the Nabataean content are found from Petra, the capital of the Nabataean Kingdon (c. 150 CE to 100 CE), to Damascus and Medina. The content isn't bore witness to in original copies, despite the fact that its cursive character with letters much of the time consolidated shows regular use.The language of the engravings is Nabataean, a nearby related of Aramaic †different writers guarantee it s Aramaic and that the Nabataeans had doubl e language styles for correspondence: written in Aramaic, verbal in Arabic. Spread over a wide zone, the content shows impressive variety with profoundly differing letter shapes. Its centrality for the historical backdrop of composing lies in its being the quick progenitor of the Arabic content. Certain highlights of the Arabic character, for example, the presence of discrete last structures for specific letters, are now foreshadowed in Nabataean writing.Its change into the Arabic content occurred in the fourth and fifth hundreds of years CE (Calmous 350). In the North of the Syrian Desert, the Arabs were engaged with world governmental issues particularly prior. Significantly under the Assyrian lord Tiglath †Pileser III (745 †728BC), there was an Arabi realm there with its capital in the Jawf, which was controlled by sovereigns and stayed one of the vassal conditions of Assyria until the hour of Essarhaddon (689 †669 BC). The Babylonian King Nabunaid (556 †539 B C) had his living arrangement for quite a while in the desert garden of Tayma, which was the base of his undertakings against the west.An Aramaic engraving from the Persian time discovered there shows the association of the city clique, with its ministers and sanctuary divine beings. At that point as right on time as the time of the last Achaemenians, the Nabataean state jumped up (in a region of cutting edge Jordan). This state controlled the band exchange from South Africa to Medina and remained fundamentally autonomous since Alexander the Great’s plan of vanquishing Arabia via ocean from east and west at the same time was not continued by his successors.At first, Petra’s trade was attracted to Bostra, where parades at that point continued to Chalcis, underneath Lebanon and Emesa, Edessa, and Hatra toward the north and east. The Nabataeans embraced the titles of their authorities and military pioneers from neighboring Hellenistic states. The Nabataean capital was Pet ra, a mountain stronghold lying somewhere between the Dead Sea and the tip of the Arabian bay (Brockelman 6).Numerous engravings and vestiges found in the stone †slice burial chambers take the stand concerning the thriving human advancement of the Nabataeans however in these engravings, Aramaic was utilized for it was then the official language dating as far back as the hour of the Achaemenians. There are additionally records of different history specialists that Arabic was the communicated in language of the Nabataeans yet they compose utilizing Aramaic. At first, they were considered by the Romans as partners until the hour of Trajan yet because of questions over their equivocalness during the Jewish rebellion under Titus, the Nabataean Kingdom was retained as Provincia Arabia in 106 BC.The humanized regions †or the significant urban areas where exchanges happen †were separated from the deset by a chain of fortresses which were a long way from being solid as the Lim es on the Rhine and on the Danube wilderness (Brockelman 6). Be that as it may, in another Arab state, Palmyra, the Nabataeans found an increasingly blessed beneficiary. In the wars among Rome and the Parthians, Palmyra was wisely impartial and when of Augustus, had the option to stretch out its exchange associations with Rome, Dacia, Gaul and Spain. The Severian Dynasty, additionally half †Semitic, indicated favor on Palmyra.From 260 onwards King Odenat expanded his standard over the whole Syria and was even recognized by the feeble Roman Emperor, Gallienus, as co †head for the Orient. After his demise in 268, his better half Zenobia kept up his capacity for a period however Aurelianus demolished Palmyra in 273. This catastrophe would be retold through ages even until the main hundreds of years of Islam. (Brockelmann 7). Palmyra spoke to the last position of Arab autonomy pre †Islam and its fall denoted lost Arab independence.No other Arab state in the north stayed f ree after this and they were utilized as vassals by the Romans and Byzantines to avert attacks of the travelers (Bedouins, or Arabs) into the settled districts. This is most likely why the Nabataeans held their contents significantly under Roman standard †on the grounds that they proceeded with their exchanges and were additionally vassals to avert their own sort from coming into significant urban communities of trade (Brockelmann 7). In the sixth century, nonetheless, the Ghassanid line managed at Damascus, east of the Jordan.He was assigned by Justinian in 529 as patricius and phylarch with preeminent authority over all the Arabs in the northern Syria. Yet, this force again broke down into fragmentary realms after his demise and when they prevailed upon the Persians, the Roman Emperor let their authorities rule until a Muslim assault brought another Ghassanid leader of the Syrian Arabs (Brockelmann 8). Previously and during these periods, the Arabs had been presented to Chris tianity (Yah-weh/Judaism) at once or another.First, from the Roman Empire Christianity practicing incredible control over them, down to the Lakhmid Dynasty in Hirah who once served the Persians and had at long last gone to the Christian confidence of their urban subjects, even the Bedouins in the north were in close contact with the indigenous Aramean populace, who had since a long time ago been gobbled up by Christianity. Internal Arabia likewise because of their exchanging urban communities of the Hijaz must have additionally been saturated by an information on Christian lessons and customs, anyway shallow, because of the consistent traffic with related clans in the north.The anchorites, whose cells more likely than not spread from Palestine and Sinai Peninsula far into the desert, almost certainly likewise made a considerable number of commitments. Also, the desert was a refuge from certain groups oppressed by the set up chapel, and correctly these may have spread their conventio ns with more accomplishment than the Orthodox Church. During these occasions, be that as it may, the Aramaic language despite everything remained the authority and head regulatory language.Thus, the majority of the engravings on the Petra were in Aramaic however there have been proof indicating that the Nabataeans before utilized their own language for their nearby exchanges and in oral trade, yet held Aramaic for recording because of its incentive in exchanging with different nations. Different creators recommend that some Arab countries or states were really oral gatherings; which means, they hand down their accounts by telling and re †telling it and still could keep it new in their recollections however there are additionally bunches who were visual, or those which couldn't keep a psychological record of occasions in this way, keep records in tablet form.Nomads, for example, or Bedouins, regularly recount verse in their social occasions inside their tents any place they are in the sweet. Be that as it may, those occupied with exchanges, in the significant urban areas, regularly would decided to put down to keep an account of their exchanges. Many accept that the old Arabs’ presentation to Christians/those rehearsing Judaism most likely legitimizes the impact or hints of Sumerian, Greek, Akkadian or Aramaic framework to an in any case Semitic legacy in the Arabic contents or composed just as spoken languages.But others contend that however there show up certain focuses for appearing likenesses, these really speak to the watched or rehearsed frameworks utilized by various nations at that point. While a few creators credit the varieties to osmosis, others accept the language and in this manner, the contents, developed after occasions in Arab history. In any case, on account of the Nabataeans from the previous region currently called Jordan, they had the option to keep both, Arab language and Aramaic scripts.This is maybe in light of the fact that a ll Arabs, including the Nabataeans who were under Roman standard for a long time, were utilized as vassals against their own Arab siblings. Accordingly they kept their language to speak with one another, and for exchanging purposes, looked after Aramaic. The duality could maybe be because of the way that two to some degree contrasting elements framed their general public at that point: the urban individuals and the travelers (whom they needed to avert from the focal point of human advancement, similar to their undertaking as vassals for the Roman Empire).The previous depended such a great amount on setting up for keeping accounts, while the last mentioned, utilized verbal exchange to convey data, even discuss verse. Different creators however, accept that the Aramaic engravings

Surveying and mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Looking over and mapping - Essay Example Planning a compelling and productive study arrange is one of the basic angles in the actualize of field overviews. Conversely, the structure of a study arrange is an entangled and modern undertaking in light of the fact that a study organize requirements to meet or surpass determined standards for accuracy, unwavering quality, affectability, and cost. Other crucial variables must be considered in an achievable plan, for example, land standards, reasonableness for gear estimation, long haul wellbeing, field time and access costs (Talaya, et al., 1999). Along these lines, it is essential to actualize the strategies and instruments of the plan of the overview system to manage an assortment of current issues. For example, disfigurement observing system of dam (Gã ¶kalp and Taåÿ㠧ä ±, 2009), exact leveling of the system (Shahrum and Azhari, 2009), and control the system of development, have drawn serious consideration for assessors. The point of overview organize configuration is comprehended as making an ideal system design and perception plan that fulfills the proposed arrange quality measures (e.g., mistake circles and repetition numbers) with least expense (Amiri-Simkooei and Sharifi, 2004). At the end of the day, review arrange configuration has two viewpoints: utilizing the present gear and condition to saturate the design of the study coordinate with a higher exactness, affectability and unwavering quality; the expense of the study organize is the most minimal when the system meets the accuracy, affectability and reliability.... Expanding measures of analysts have considered the exceptionally crucial job input circles play in the general advancement of system structure innovation (Mishima 2009; Anderson, and Mikhail, 2003). With the developing requirement for expanded criticism systems to guarantee exactness and unwavering quality, programming, for example, Geolab has risen to endeavor to represent these measures through experimentation procedural least square alteration. All things considered, the total capability of such a framework stays to be comprehended. This exploration progresses with a setting thought of this hypothetical comprehension. 1.2 Classification of overview organize structure In understanding with Grafarend’s proposals (Grafarend, 1974), study arrange configuration can be deteriorated into four littler issues. 1) Zero request structure (ZOD) The free system that is a known setup and perception plan will choose an ideal facilitate framework for the organize of control focuses and the ir difference. At the end of the day, to decide the directions of vector X and the co-factor network when the plan lattice and weight grid of perception P is known, with the goal that X is a target capacity to boundaries. Along these lines, ZOD is a change issue. 2) First request plan (FOD) Design grid A will be resolved when the perception framework P is known, so a few components of the review organize arrive at a foreordained worth or the most noteworthy precision, or the best estimate to the Coordinate of a given network. 3) Second request configuration (SOD) To decide the weight lattice of perception P when the plan network P is known, so a few components can accomplish the ideal exactness or the most elevated precision, or organize the best guess of a co-factor framework given grid. 4) Third request plan

Ways to Cope With Stress When You Stop Smoking

Ways to Cope With Stress When You Stop Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How to Deal With Stress While You Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on October 24, 2019 James Braund/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery What triggers the urge to smoke the most for you? Anger? Boredom? Fatigue? Joy? If youre like most people, you associate all of these feelings with smoking, but stress/anger probably stands out as your number one smoking trigger. When youre stressed, the urge to smoke can be intense. As a smoker, you might think that you need cigarettes to keep calm. But in fact, smoking creates more stress than it dispels. Learning how to cope with stress without a cigarette is difficult when you first quit smoking. But with a few tools and some practice, youll find its less challenging than you might have expected. Components of Recovering From Nicotine Addiction There are two main components of recovery from nicotine addiction: physical withdrawal from nicotine and healing the mind of the habits associated with smoking. Managing Nicotine Withdrawal Physically, your body reacts to withdrawal from nicotine as well as the thousands of chemicals present in the cigarette smoke you inhale. This phase of recovery creates stress of its own that you must be prepared to cope with. Having an awareness of how stress fits in as a byproduct of early recovery from nicotine addiction, as well as a few tools to deal with the discomforts, will help you manage it successfully. Tackling Mental Challenges On an emotional level, smoking cessation forces you to deal with the loss of cigarettes as a crutch you leaned on to manage your feelings. For many people, dealing with the mental challenges can be one of the most difficult aspects of smoking cessation. Managing Stress When Quitting Your Nicotine Addiction Use the 10 tips and strategies below to help you cope with stress when you quit smoking. Be patient with yourself and allow recovery to unfold for you as it will. Remember, release from nicotine addiction comes gradually, as you erase old associations and habits one by one, replacing them with new, healthier choices. In time, youll find that stress is more easily managed smoke-free than it ever was when you were smoking. What Should You Do Before You Stop Smoking? Dont Neglect Yourself Early cessation is a time when you should be taking extra care to make sure all of your needs are being met. Following these simple guidelines will help you weather nicotine withdrawal more comfortably: Eat a well-balanced diet. Your body needs good quality fuel now as it works to flush the toxins out of your system.Drink water. Water is a great quitting aid. It helps you detox more quickly and works well as a craving-buster. And by keeping yourself hydrated, youll feel better overall. Drink plenty of water throughout the day.Take a daily multivitamin. Give your body the boost that a good multivitamin provides for the duration of the withdrawal process. Cigarettes deplete so many nutrients, and vitamins may help you rebound more quickly from the nicotine withdrawal symptoms that you experience. Cut Out Caffeine When you quit smoking, the amount of coffee or caffeinated colas youre accustomed to might now make you jittery and anxious. Reduce caffeine intake, or cut it out completely for a while, especially if youre having trouble sleeping through the night. Chances are, once youre through the withdrawal process, youll be able to drink coffee again, though perhaps not in the same quantity as before quitting. Take a Warm Bath Enoying a bath is a great way to relax and de-stress. And yes, its good for the guys too. Light a few candles, use some scented bath salts, and submerge. Get a Massage Enlist your partner or another willing pair of hands to help work the stress out of your muscles. If you can get a full body massage, great, but even 10 or 15 minutes spent on your neck, shoulders, face, and scalp can work wonders. Our bodies tend to hold onto the tension we feel in our muscles, and a good massage is worth its weight in gold as a means to relieve stress. Put on Your Walking Shoes A short walk every dayâ€"even for 15 minutesâ€"will help you manage stress as you withdraw from nicotine. Walking reduces edginess and improves circulation. Exercise releases endorphins, the feel good hormone. So, when the urge to smoke strikes, head out for a walk around the block. Youll come back refreshed and relaxed. Get Enough Sleep The early days of smoking cessation are tiring. Your body is stressed and so is your mind. Allow more time for sleep if you need it and can manage it. Dont worry: The weariness youre feeling wont last forever. Your energy will return soon. Visualize Close your eyes and create a place in your mind that you can go to when you need to slow down and relax. It could be a real location or imaginary, but make it yours. Use the same place every time so it becomes familiar and comfortable. As you settle in, start to follow your breathing, and slow it down gradually. Breathe deeply in and out for 3 to 5 minutes. How to Use Visualization to Relax and Manage Stress Deep Breathing Deep breathing is a quick way to calm edgy nerves and reduce stress. Breathe in through your nose for a count of three and exhale through your mouth for a count of three. Repeat this for a few minutes, and the tension in your body will begin to fall away. Focus on Today We spend so much time thinking about everything but the day we have in front of us. Dont worry about tomorrow or forever. Dont get lost in feelings of fear about never being able to smoke again. Think instead about today and resolve to make the most of it. You have the ability to stay smoke-free just for today, dont you? Thats all you need to do. Baby steps! Dont let feelings of worry about tomorrow intimidate you today. Dont Take Yourself Too Seriously You will have bad days. Expect and accept that. Such is smoking cessation, and such is life. On those off days, resolve to put yourself on ignore. Sometimes the best thing we can do is to get out of our own way. Our minds can make small issues huge, and make a drama out of every little thing when our moods are out of whack. When youre having a bad day, think pamper. Be good to yourself; allow for a treat or two, and put your thoughts on hold. Tomorrow will find you feeling better and grateful to still be smoke-free. Stress is part of life, and learning how to manage it smoke-free is part of successful cessation. With time and practice, your smoke-free life will flow with ease. 10 Things to Stop Doing When You Quit Smoking

The Production Of Waste ( Tarr 15 ) - 1421 Words

Throughout the mid-19th century, many cities across America were becoming industrialized and growing in size. As a city develops and grows, the city uses resources such as food, raw products, and energy. All these resources are consumed by a city. The outcome of all this consumption is the production of waste (Tarr 15). In the mid-19th century, a massive migration of Americans and wave of migrants from different countries in Europe and other parts of the world begin to settle in urban settings across America. Many were seeking better job opportunities and better lives in American cities. As a result, industrial cities grew dramatically and became heavily congested. As cities grew and began to emerge, many more resources were consumed†¦show more content†¦The working-class districts had poor water supplies than did the affluent neighborhoods. The working-class relied on using the nearby local springs, wells, and rivers that were polluted. Tarr argued that the pollution of the rivers in Pittsburg was caused from both domestic and industrial sources, which has badly affected the condition of water being extracted from rivers, wells, which is used heavily for both consuming water and for industrial usages (Tarr 16). As factories were built near riverbanks, many industries would pollute the nearby water resources as oils, chemicals, and waste contaminated vital drinking water. However, this pollution of water was also the result of so many people living in a congested city. As more people living in a city and consume the vital resource of water, more waste is produced and resulted in heavy water pollution. In the 19th century, many other cities also met this similar problem as Pittsburgh. The pollution of water became a major issue affecting cities and affecting its working class communities. Not only was access to clean water was a problem across industrial cities in the mid-19th century, so was the issue of wastewater. There was a concern with wastewater and how it needed to be disposed of. Joel Tarr argued that the lack of treatment of wastewater in Pittsburgh households and industries, as well as stormwater, became a nuisance. Household wastes and wastewater were usually placed in cesspools and privy vaults andShow MoreRelatedThe American Industrial City : The Issue Of Fresh Water, Water Pollution, And Smells1480 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumption is the production of waste (Tarr 15). In the mid-19th century, a massive migration of Americans and wave of migrants from different countries in Europe and other parts of the world begin to settle in urban settings across America. Many were seeking better job opportunities and better lives in American cities. As a result, industrial cities grew dramatically and became heavily congested. As cities grew and began to emerge , many more resources were consumed and more waste was produced. ThusRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmodernity is not just a teleological assumption. Moving may have been one of the elemental activities of our species, along with eating and reproducing, but mass movement was a new phenomenon—as was the related â€Å"massification† of reproduction, production, trade, and transportation, as well as communication, consumption, and culture. Mass migration is an integral part of these broader global processes that have shaped the modern world. Dating the shift is—like the periodization of any social process—a

The V-22 Osprey The Major Challenges, Roles, and Impacts...

The V-22 Osprey: The Major Roles and Impacts of this Innovative Aircraft History of the V-22, including Challenges: The V22-Osprey was an aircraft that began as a figment of the imagination of the US armed forces and related parties. It is a tiltrotor aircraft that can takeoff vertically, considered a VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing), as well as an STOL (short takeoff and landing), while also being capable of converting into a turboprop airplane capable of high-speed, high-altitude flight. The aircraft was a quite costly and deadly research project that began in 1982 that has since gone into production and use. These factors made it a controversial project at time, however its benefits have surpassed the challenges presented†¦show more content†¦On January 15, 1985 the US Dept of Defense (DoD) designated the aircraft as the V-22 with the nickname of Osprey. The first prototype was unveiled in May 1988, but that same year the US Army left the program due to rising costs and other factors. This left to US Marines and US Air Force as the remain ing primary contributers. The program continued despite much political turmoil. One issue almost cancelled the program altogether in 1992. The next two big leaps were the first horizontal flight on March 19, 1989 and the first vertical flight shortly after on September 14, 1989. These progresses are likely what kept the Osprey idea alive for that time period. Regardless of those success steps, the fourth and fifth prototypes were lost and the designers sent back to their drawing boards again. Following some redesign, the project continued with the Osprey now designated the V-22B, the second or B iteration of the aircraft, instead of the V-22A that they now call the first attempt. More setbacks occurred still. There were two major accidents that claimed the life of 19 marines in April and December 2000 (Bell Boeing). These accidents were quickly broadcast on news stations and forced another reevaluation of the feasibility of this aircraft and its development. Somehow, design cont inued. Looking in retrospect, it seems as though the full scale testing of the craft with so many soldiers on board occurredShow MoreRelatedEssay about Boeing Company Analysis15946 Words   |  64 PagesCOMPETITION 20 Core Competition 20 Competitive profiles 23 Comparing Core Competencies 25 Threats to Boeing’s Competitive Position 27 Main Competitors 28 Competitive Profile 30 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 32 Introduction 32 Role of Financial Analysis 33 Liquidity/Solvency Ratios 34 Profit Ratios 35 Leverage Ratios 37 Turnover Ratios 39 Conclusion 41 SWOT ANALYSIS 42 Introduction 42 Strengths 43 Weaknesses 45 Conclusion 47 OpportunitiesRead MoreThe Boeing Company 2007 Annual Report61846 Words   |  248 PagesThis Page Intentionally Left Blank The Boeing Company 2007 Annual Report Leading the Way Vision 2016: People working together as a global enterprise for aerospace leadership The Boeing Company Boeing is the world’s leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined, providing products and tailored services to airlines and U.S. and allied armed forces around the world. Our capabilities include rotorcraft, electronic and defenseRead MoreAnnual Report Rolls-Royce78484 Words   |  314 PagesTeAmwork And Technology Rolls-Royce Group plc Annual report 2010 Trusted to deliver excellence BUSIneSS reVIew 01 Introduction and highlights 02 Chairman’s statement 04 Chief Executive’s review 08 Our consistent strategy 20 Market outlook 22 Key performance indicators 26 Principal risks and uncertainties 28 Review of operations 28 civil aerospace 30 defence aerospace 32 marine 34 energy 36 engineering and technology 38 operations 40 Services 42 Sustainability 48 Finance Director’s review

Abraham Lincoln Did Not Free the Slaves Free Essays

To this very day, many still believe that Abraham Lincoln, with his Emancipation Proclamation, serves as a revolutionary train that guided America in a forward direction to the abolishment of slavery. As dainty and â€Å"happily ever after† as such sounds, sadly this is not the case at all. Though Lincoln and many other Northerners opposed slavery, emancipation of the millions of enslaved blacks wasn’t always well accepted in the racist society of the North or the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Lincoln Did Not Free the Slaves or any similar topic only for you Order Now Northern blacks were typically more outspoken about the issues of slavery; however, this led to many being seen as merely stoking the fire that would lead to a civil war and secession of the South. Eventually secession did occur with the election of 1860 and Abraham Lincoln’s anti-slavery platform, but Lincoln didn’t immediately grant manumission of all the slaves. Instead, as years past and war weariness settled in, along with an already occurring self-liberating force by enslaved blacks, Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation. This historical document has been morphed into being accepted as Lincoln’s greatest achievement and the freeing of slaves. When actually analyzing the contents of this document and already occurring self-liberation movements of this time, it is evident that Abraham Lincoln didn’t free the slaves. 1. Self-Liberation Movements a. Motivation i. Declaration from God ii. Civil War 1. Allowed the already self-liberation black movement to grow. 2. Believed that if North Won = End of Slavery 3. Believed that if South Won = Slavery everywhere b. Ran towards Union Lines i. Pilgrim Armies ii. Camped in areas where Union Soldiers occupied 1. â€Å"Freedom Fort† 2. Union-held Fortress Monroe 3. Hundreds left slavery and went here. iii. Left from Virginia and the Carolinas to Richmond iv. Left Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Missouri to the North c. Self-made Emancipation proclamations i. Many slaves made their own. ii. Inspiration from slave songs. d. Became an unavoidable Military and Political Issue i. Many enlisted ii. Worked on Union encampments iii. Served as spies iv. Treated as Contraband v. Abraham Lincoln and other Generals didn’t recognize their freedom in most cases. . Emancipation Proclamation a. Purpose i. Proclamation was created to weaken Confederacy. ii. Lincoln’s goal was to repair the union. iii. Purpose was not to free slaves. b. Contents i. Proclamation freed only slaves in â€Å"Rebellious† States. ii. Lincoln preserved slavery in â€Å"loyal states† and parts of the confederacy in Union control. c. Effectiveness i. No authority over the â€Å"Rebellious† States ii. Slaves in the South were already liberating themselves iii. There wasn’t a way to enforce this Proclamation. d. Lincoln’s Views i. Didn’t believe in a black and white society. i. Was anti-slavery, different from abolitionist. iii. More focused on preserving the Union and halting expansion of slavery. iv. Why did he wait two years if he really wanted to emancipate the slaves? v. Lincoln’s Letter to Horace Greeley â€Å"my paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery, If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. â€Å" How to cite Abraham Lincoln Did Not Free the Slaves, Papers

The Handmaid’s Tale Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Handmaid’s Tale Essay Thesis This essay explores how dystopia can serve as a warning in a society of inequality, oppression and lack of freedom. It shows how extreme views can be dangerous and what can happen when human rights are breached.  The Handmaids Tale is an account of one of the major characters third post in the Republic of Gilead formerly the USA. This novel is set in the 20th century under a patriarchal regime, founded on a fundamental Christian movement. This society is ruled by the government using force, brutality and State controlled technology. Lessons from the bible are distorted as a means of control to reinforce their inhumane state practices. All forms of communication are banned. Women are categories according to age, marital status and their ability to reproduce. Men are categorised according to age and their worthiness as a commander of the elite faith of Jacob. Spinsters, homosexuals and barren women are sent to the colonies to clean up after wars and toxic waste. A handmaids only purpose is to serve as a surrogate mother for the wives of childless commanders. We will write a custom essay on The Handmaid’s Tale Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This novel is set in the science fiction genre but can also be classified under dystopian and feminist literature. Politics is one of Atwoods major concerns, a theme running throughout. She also discusses feminism, her idea of heterosexual relationships, ecology, the concerns she has between the relationship between Canada and the USA. She voices concerns with basic human rights under various state laws and that any extreme ideology can lead to disaster. She reinforces the view that great care needs to be taken of our planet to ensure our survival. Within the Gilead society, there are warnings of how extreme views can be dangerous. For example, the dichotomy adopted by Serena Joy and Offreds mother, in their lives before, resulting in similarly sad outcomes during their lives in Gilead. Offreds mothers desire of being absolved by history is unfulfilled as she is labelled unwoman. Serena Joy is trapped in Gileads interpretation of her ideology as truly seen by Offred:  she stays in her home, but it doesnt seem to agree with her  Offred is portrayed in her life before as intelligent, educated and sensible. Offred notices that the values of society that once stood are declining but decides to ignore this. With hindsight she declares  We lived, as usual, by ignoring. Ignoring isnt the same as ignorance, you have to work at it.  There is evidence of the break down of previous society throughout. For example, marriage is devalued and Offred agrees when Moria scolds her for going out with a married man, describing Offred as poaching another womans man. Offred also relates how her daughter was almost snatched in a supermarket, again in hindsight  I thought it was an isolated incident at the time  There are other references throughout regarding the increased violence, high rate of sexual freedom, high numbers of rape, spread of sexually transmitted disease, etc. The fertility rate has also declined, the causes of which Offred explains  Women took medicines, pills, men sprayed trees  Not to mention the exploding atomic power plants and  The mutual strain of syphilis and mould could touch  There is also a loss of freedom for women, reducing what they do after dark and making them nervous to go out alone. Illustrated possibly by the quote  The freedom to and the freedom from  Again, the impression is given that these are situations that the reader can easily identify with today, serving as another warning. It is the breakdown of the existing society falling population, Aids, pollution and nuclear-plant accidents which enables Gilead to enforce control, bringing anarchy into repression. The Gilead hierarchy uses the opportunity of manipulating religion to control the people. Discussing the decline in fertility Aunt Lydia is very critical  How could they have done such a thing? Jezebels! Scorning Gods gifts!  This ideology is used to teach the handmaids, encouraged by Aunt Lydia to accept their fate, comparing them to the army  you are the shock troops